Idioma inglés.Ortografía.GRAMÁTICA.Tiempos verbales.Verbos en pasado.Verbos irregulares.Infinitivo.Verbos preposicionales

ESPAÑOL INGLÉS

PALABRA O FRASE Nº 12

‘A modo de ejemplo’: /’As an example…’ traducción

Ortografía

La ortografía del inglés se fijó aproximadamente hacia el siglo XV. Aunque desde entonces la lengua ha sufrido importantes cambios fonéticos, especialmente en las vocales, lo cual hace que la ortografía no sea una guía segura para la pronunciación. A modo de ejemplo podemos considerar la secuencia -ea-, que tiene hasta siete pronunciaciones¹⁶ diferentes sólo parcialmente predecibles a partir del contexto fonético:

Sonido	Ortografía	transcripción AFI	Significado
[e], [ɛ]	head, health	[hed]/[hɛd], [helθ]/[hɛlθ]	‘cabeza’, ‘salud’
[iː]	heap, heat	[hiːp], [hiːt]	‘montón’, ‘calor’
[ɜː], [ɝ]	heard, hearse	[hɜːd]/[hɝd], [hɜːs]/[hɝs]	‘oído’ (de oír), ‘coche fúnebre’
[ɑː], [ɑɹ]	heart, hearken	[hɑːt]/[hɑɹt], [hɑːkən]/[hɑɹkən]	‘corazón’, ‘escuchar’
[iə]	zeal, heal	[ziəl], [hiəl]	‘celo’, ‘sanar’
[eɪ]	break, great, steak	[bɹeɪk], [gɹeɪt], [steɪk]	‘romper’, ‘grandioso’, ‘bistec’
[iˈeɪ]	create	[kɹiˈeɪt]	‘crear’

Gramática

El inglés presenta muchos de los rasgos típicos de las lenguas europeas. El nombre presenta diferencia entre singular y plural. En inglés moderno a diferencia de su antecesor el inglés antiguo el nombre no hace distinciones de género o caso. Las diferencias de caso se restringen en inglés moderno al pronombre, tal como sucede por ejemplo en las lenguas romances.

En el sistema verbal el inglés, al igual que el alemán y las lenguas romances, ha sufrido una evolución similar. Se han creado «formas compuestas de perfecto» para expresar el aspecto perfecto y «formas perifrásticas» con el verbo ser para expresar el aspecto progresivo o continuo. Otra similaridad es el desarrollo de formas de futuro a partir de verbos auxiliares. Una diferencia importante entre el inglés y otras lenguas germánicas y romances es el debilitamiento del modo subjuntivo. Igualmente el inglés, al igual que el alemán, el holandés o las lenguas románicas, ha creado artículos definidos genuinos a partir de formas demostrativas.

Tiempos verbales

En inglés hay cuatro tiempos fundamentales: presente, pasado, futuro y condicional. Estos cuatro tiempos se combinan con tres aspectos (imperfectivo, continuo, perfectivo), las combinaciones de aspecto posible son cuatro ([-perf][-cont],[-perf][-cont], [-perf][-cont] y [-perf][-cont]). Las combinanciones de tiempo y aspecto anteriores dan lugar a un número importante de tiempos verbales:

• Simples que sintácticamente carecen de auxiliar e que incluyen los siguientes:
  • Simples no continuos: Present simple, que se reconoce por no llevar sufijos TAM en la raíz; Past simple, que incluye una marca de pasado en la raíz, usualmente -ed en los verbos regulares y puede incluir -en e incluso umlaut en los verbos irregulares o fuertes; Future simple, marcado regularmente mediante un auxiliar (will, shall o sus formas negativas); Conditional, marcado regularmente por el auxiliar en tiempo pasado would (o su forma negativa).
  • Continuos, equivalentes en general a «auxiliar (ser) + gerundio» en español, denotan acciones que se están realizando en el momento en que se habla. Morfológicamente los tiempos continuos terminan en -ing: Present continuous; Past continuous
• Compuestos, que denotan acciones terminadas y por tanto aspecto perfectivo:
  • Compuestos no-continuos: Present perfect; Past perfect; Future perfect.
  • Continuos, similares a los simples continuos: Present perfect continuous; Past perfect continuous

El siguiente cuadro resume los tiempos anteriores, para el verbo write ‘escribir’:

	Tiempos simples (Simple tenses)		Tiempos compuestos (Perfect tenses)
	– continuous	+ continuous	– continuous	+ continuous
Present	I write	I am writing	I have written	I have been writing
Past	I wrote	I was writing	I had written	I had been writing
Future	I shall/will write	I shall/will be writing	I shall/will have written	I shall/will have been writing
Conditional	I would write	I would be writing	I would have written	I would have been writing

Verbos en pasado

Dependiendo de si son regulares o no, los verbos tienen distintos pasados, que son dos:

• Pasado simple, equivalente a cualquier pasado en español
• Pasado del participio, equivalente al participio en español.

El pasado simple casi siempre va acompañado de expresiones de tiempo como: ‘ yesterday, last (month, week, year, etc), a week ago’. Tanto el pasado como el participio de los verbos regulares acaba en ‘-ed’. Las reglas para formar el pasado simple de estos verbos son las siguientes:

1. Si el verbo termina en ‘-y’ después de una consonante cambia la ‘-y’ a ‘i’ y agrega ‘-ed’: cry / cried.
2. Si el verbo es de una sílaba y termina en una consonante después de un vocal, dobla la última consonante y agrega ‘-ed’, excepto cuando el verbo termina en ‘x’: plan / planned, pero ax / axed.
3. Si el verbo tiene acento en la sílaba final dobla la última consonante y agrega ‘-ed’: permit / permitted.
4. Si el verbo termina en ‘-e’, solo agrega ‘-d’: love / loved.
5. Agrega ‘-ed’ a todos los demás verbos: play / played.

Verbos irregulares

El uso de gotten se ha disminuido en el Reino Unido durante los últimos siglos, pero continúa en los Estados Unidos. Aunque en realidad no existen reglas definitivas sobre «que agregar» o «que quitar» en una palabra que sea del grupo de «verbos irregulares», por ende para los que estudian el idioma siempre se les recomienda que se las aprendan tal cual como se escriben, ya que como se mencionó antes, no existe un referente definitivo en los «verbos irregulares».¹⁷

Infinitivo

En cuanto a los verbos infinitivos, éstos empiezan con la palabra to, por ejemplo:

• To walk – caminar
• To jump – saltar
• To bite – morder
• To speak – hablar

Verbos preposicionales

Muchos verbos tienen otros significados cuando se les añaden una preposición o un adverbio (up, down, in, out, around, etc.) después. Conocidos también como phrasal verbs, aunque este término está quedando en desuso,^{[cita requerida]} cambian la definición del verbo, o dan información sobre la dirección. Por ejemplo:

• Look up – buscar en el diccionario/un listado
• Look after – cuidar
• Look around – mirar por todos lados
• Look over – revisar
• Look back – mirar hacia atrás
• Look for – buscar

Fuente que utilizo :   http://es.wikipedia.org

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Spelling

English spelling was set to about the fifteenth century. Although the language has since undergone major phonetic changes , especially in the vocal, which makes the spelling is not a reliable guide to pronunciation. As an example we can consider the sequence-ea-, which has seven pronunciations different only partially predictable from the phonetic context:

Sound	Spelling	transcription AFI	Meaning
[E], [ɛ]	h ea d, h ea lth	[Hed] / [hɛd], [helθ] / [hɛlθ]	‘Head’, ‘health’
[I ː]	h ea p, t h ea	[Hi ː p] [hi ː t]	‘Lot’, ‘heat’
[ɜ ː], [ɝ]	h ear d, h ear is	[Hɜ ː d] / [hɝd], [hɜ ː s] / [hɝs]	‘Heard’ (hearing), ‘hearse’
[Ɑ ː], [ɑɹ]	h ear t, h ear ken	[Hɑ ː t] / [hɑɹt], [hɑ ː k ə n] / [hɑɹk ə n]	‘Heart’, ‘listen’
[I ə]	z ea l, h ea l	[Zi ə l], [hi ə l]	‘Jealousy’, ‘heal’
[Eɪ]	br ea k, gr ea t, k ea st	[Bɹeɪk] [gɹeɪt] [steɪk]	‘Break’, ‘great’, ‘steak’
[Ieɪ]	cr ea you	[Kɹieɪt]	‘Create’

Grammar

English has many of the typical features of European languages ​​. The name has difference between singular and plural . In modern English unlike its predecessor the Old English name makes no distinctions of gender or case . Case differences are restricted to the pronoun in modern English, such as for example in the Romance languages ​​.

In the English verbal system, like the German and the Romance languages, has undergone a similar evolution. They have created «made perfect ways» to express the perfect look and «periphrastic forms» with the verb be to express progressive or continuous aspect. Another similarity is the development of future forms from auxiliary verbs . An important difference between English and other Germanic and Romance languages ​​is the weakening of the subjunctive mood . Likewise, the English, like German, Dutch or Romance languages, has created genuine definite articles from demonstrative forms .

Tenses

In English there are four times basic present, past, future and conditional. These four strokes are combined with three aspects (imperfective, continuous, perfective) aspect combinations are possible four ([-perf] [-cont] [-perf] [-cont] [-perf] [-cont] and [-perf] [-cont]). The combinations did earlier appearance time and result in a significant number of tenses :

• That lack simple auxiliary syntactically and which include the following:
  • Simple non-continuous: Present simple, recognizable for not wearing TAM suffixes to the root; Simple Past, which includes a brand past the root, usually-ed in regular verbs and may include-in and even umlaut in verbs irregular or strong; Future simple, regularly marked by an auxiliary (will, Shall or their negative forms); Conditional regularly marked by the auxiliary would last long (or negatively).
  • Continuous, generally equivalent to «auxiliary (be) + gerund» in Spanish, denote actions that are being made ​​at the time spoken. Morphologically continuous time ending in-ing: Present continuous, Past continuous
• Compounds that denote completed actions and therefore perfective aspect:
  • Compounds non-continuous: Present perfect, Past perfect, Future perfect.
  • Continuous, similar to the simple continuous: Present perfect continuous, perfect continuous Past

The following table summarizes the earlier times, to write the word ‘write’:

	Simple times (Simple tenses)		Compound tenses (Perfect tenses)
	– Continuous	+ Continuous	– Continuous	+ Continuous
Present	I write	I am writing	I have written	I have been writing
Past	I wrote	I was writing	I had written	I Had been writing
Future	I shall / will write	I shall / will be writing	I shall / will have written	I shall / will Have Been writing
Conditional	I would write	I would be writing	I Would have written	I would Have Been writing

Verbs in the past

Depending on whether they are regular or not, verbs have different pasts, which are two:

• Past simple, equivalent to any past in Spanish
• Past participle equivalent to participle in Spanish.

The simple past is almost always accompanied by time expressions like ‘yesterday, last (month, week, year, etc.), a week ago. « Both past participle of regular verbs ending in ‘-ed’. The rules for forming the past simple of these verbs are:

1. If the verb ends in ‘-y’ after a consonant change the ‘-y’ to ‘i’ and add ‘-ed’: cry / cried.
2. If the verb is one syllable and ends in a consonant after a vowel, double the final consonant and add ‘-ed’, except when the verb ends in ‘x’: plan / planned, but ax / axed.
3. If the verb has an accent on the final syllable double the last consonant and add ‘-ed’: permit / permitted.
4. If the verb ends in ‘-e’, just add ‘-d’: love / loved.
5. Add ‘-ed’ to all other verbs: play / played.

Irregular verbs

Using gotten has declined in the UK over the past centuries, but continues in the United States. Although in reality there are no definitive rules «to add» or «remove» in a word that is the group of «irregular verbs» thus for studying language are always recommended to learn them as such as write, because as mentioned before, there is no definitive reference in the «irregular verbs».

Infinitive

As for the infinitive verbs, they begin with the word to, for example:

• To walk – walk
• To jump – jump
• To bite – bite
• To speak – speak

Prepositional verbs

Many verbs have different meanings when they added a preposition or an adverb (up, down, in, out, around, etc.). Later. Also known as phrasal verbs , although this term is falling into disuse, ^{[ citation needed ]} change the definition of the verb, or give information on the direction. For example:

• Look up – look in the dictionary / list
• Look after – care
• Look around – look everywhere
• Look over – review
• Look back – looking back
• Look for – search

Gramática.Pronombres personales.Conjugación del tiempo presente.

Nº 8 . PALABRA: ‘Definición’.- sustantivos: ‘definition’

 

Pronombres personales

Los pronombres personales en inglés son:

Español	Nominativo1	Objetivo	Reflexivo	Genitivo (atributivo)	Genitivo (predicativo)
yo	I	me	myself	my	mine
tú, usted	you	you	yourself	your	yours
él	he	him	himself	his	his
ella	she	her	herself	her	hers
ello2 o eso/a	it	it	itself	its	—-3
nosotros	we	us	ourselves	our	ours
vosotros, ustedes	you4	you	yourselves	your	yours
ellos, ellas5	they	them	themselves	their	theirs

Notas:

1. Al contrario que en español, en inglés casi siempre preceden al verbo. Ejemplo: She is blonde («[Ella] es rubia»). Sin embargo, sobre todo coloquialmente, hay ocasiones en las que se prescinde del pronombre para preguntas y respuestas (elipsis)¹⁸ : (Have you) Finished? – («(¿Has) Terminado?») o How are you? – (I’m) Fine. thanks. («¿Cómo estás? – (Estoy) Bien, gracias.»)
2. Se refiere a objetos.
3. No se usa.
4. En ocasiones se emplea you all («todos vosotros», «todos ustedes») o alguna variante para distinguirlo del you en singular.
5. A veces se emplea con valor singular cuando no se desea revelar el sexo del sujeto. Por ejemplo, If a customer requires help, they should contact… («Si un cliente requiere de asistencia, deberá contactar…»).

Conjugación del tiempo presente

En el present simple, el verbo sigue en infinitivo, pero se elimina la palabra to en las formas I, you, we y they.

Ejemplo:

• I: I eat
• You: You eat
• We: We eat
• They: They eat

Sin embargo, en las formas it, he y she, se le añade una -s al verbo (sin to).

Ejemplo:

• He: He stops (Él para).
• She: She stops (Ella para).

Si el verbo termina en -y se elimina la y y se añade -ies; por ejemplo, He carries his suitcase. («Él lleva su maleta.») (Ver reglas de pluralización). Casi siempre es necesario escribir o decir un sujeto en cada oración, aún cuando la frase que no requiere un sujeto en español; por ejemplo, en español es aceptable decir «Es la una de la tarde» para indicar la hora de la una, pero en inglés es normalmente necesario usar el pronombre it al frente de la frase: It is one (o’clock). Aunque para contestar a la pregunta What time is it? (¿Qué hora es?), se puede contestar simplemente one, en lugar de It’s one.

Casi todos verbos son regulares en el presente; los excepciones notables son to be («ser» y «estar») → I am, you/we are, he/she is; to have («tener» y «haber» en tiempos perfectos) → I/we/they have, he/she has; y to do («hacer») → I/you/we/they do, he/she does. En el pasado, un verbo es regular si su pasado simple y de participio terminan en -ed. Por ejemplo: arrive («llegar») → arrived («llegó, llegado»). Con la excepción del verbo to be cada verbo usa la misma conjugación para cada forma en el pasado.

• Un verbo es irregular si su pasado simple y/o de participio no termina en -ed. Por ejemplo: write («escribir») → wrote («escribió», en pasado simple), written («escrito», en pasado de participio). Los verbos irregulares ingleses más importantes son (infinitivo → pasado simple → pasado participio) to be → I/he/she was, we/they/you were → been; to do → did → done; to eat → ate → eaten («comer»); to give → gave → given («dar»); to go → went → gone («ir»); to have → had → had («haber/tener»); to make → made → made («hacer, fabricar»); to speak → spoke → spoken («hablar»); to spend → spent → spent («gastar»).

Para formar un verbo en futuro se le añade la palabra will antes del infinitivo del verbo (sin to). Por ejemplo: You will eat spaghetti. («Comerás espaguetis»). Para formar el condicional se le añade la palabra would antes del infinitivo del verbo (sin to): You would eat spaghetti. («Comerías espaguetis»).

El tiempo progresivo del inglés, en el presente y el pasado, usa el verbo to be seguido del gerundio del verbo principal: I am thinking («Estoy pensando»); You are winning («Estás ganando»); We were talking about baseball («Estábamos hablando del béisbol» o «Hablábamos del béisbol»). Nótese que el imperfecto en español se traduce al pasado progresivo en inglés cuando indica una acción en progreso en el pasado.

El tiempo perfecto del inglés usa el verbo to have seguido del participio del verbo principal. Por ejemplo, I have done the work («Yo he hecho el trabajo»), They had seen the movie («Habían visto la película»).

Para escribir un verbo en el negativo en un tiempo simple, se usa una forma del verbo to do seguido de la palabra «not» y el infinitivo del verbo principal (sin to); por ejemplo: We do not have any money («No tenemos ningún dinero»), She does not dance («Ella no baila»). En el pasado se usa did not en todas formas: He did not write the essay («Él no escribió el ensayo»), You did not finish your homework («No terminaste tu tarea»). Nótese que el tiempo del verbo to do indica el tiempo de la frase; el verbo principal siempre está en la forma infinitivo, a pesar del tiempo de la frase.

El negativo de tiempos compuestos también usa la palabra not, pero estos tiempos mantienen la forma del verbo auxiliar original; se pone la palabra not detrás del verbo auxiliar. Por ejemplo, I am not running («Yo no estoy corriendo»); They had not made the clothes («No habían hecho la ropa»). La palabra not también puede ser contraído a n’t y añadido al fin del verbo auxiliar (como don’t, hadn’t, isn’t, weren’t, etc.; no puede hacer esto con I am not, que se contrae a I’m not.)

En preguntas con la forma del verbo auxiliar do, el orden es do + sujeto + infinitivo del verbo principal sin to (+ sustantivo u otra palabra). Además sólo se escribe un signo de interrogación al final de la pregunta. Este orden ocurre en las interrogaciones simples. Por ejemplo: Does she draw? («¿Dibuja ella?»), Do you understand me? («¿Me entiendes?») Did you have a question? («¿Tenías una pregunta?»). Cuando la pregunta usa el auxiliar be, no se utiliza el auxiliar do. Por ejemplo: Is she happy? («¿Está ella feliz?»). Otras oraciones más compuestas utilizan adverbios interrogativos (cuánto, cómo, dónde…) al principio de la pregunta. Los adverbios más importantes son who (quién), what (qué), where (dónde), when (cuándo), why (por qué) y how (cómo). Cuando se usan estos adverbios, se utiliza el verbo auxiliar, por ejemplo do, después del adverbio. Por ejemplo: When did he buy the car? («Cuándo compró el coche?»).

Para responder a una pregunta simple (sin adverbio interrogativo), se usa yes («sí») o no («no») seguido de una coma y la forma apropiada del verbo auxiliar, acompañada del pronombre personal. En el negativo también se añade la palabra not después del verbo auxiliar en la respuesta. Por ejemplo: Do they go to school? Yes, they do. («¿Van a la escuela? Sí.»), Is she eating? No, she is not (isn’t) [eating]. («¿Está ella comiendo? No, no está comiendo.»).

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Personal pronouns Personal pronouns
English are Spanish
Nominativo1 Reflective Objective Genitive (attributive) Genitive (predicative)
I my mine I me myself
you, you you you your yours yourself
him have it his his himself she her
she herself or her that hers
ello2 / a —- it it itself its 3
us we us our ours ourselves
you, you you4 you your yours yourselves
them ellas5 They them theirs Themselves Their free
Notes: free
Unlike in Spanish, in English almost always precede the verb. Example: She is blonde («[She] is blonde»). However, especially colloquially, there are times when the pronoun is omitted for questions and answers (ellipsis) 18: (Have you) Finished? – (‘(Been) Finished? «) Or How are you? – (I’m) Fine. thanks. («How are you -. (I’m) Fine, thank you»)..
Refers to objects
Not used
Sometimes all you used («you all», «you all» ) or some variant to distinguish it from you in the singular.
sometimes with singular value is used when it is desired not to reveal the sex of the subject. For example, If a customer requires help, They Should contact … («If a customer requires assistance, you should contact …»).

Present tense conjugation
In present simple, the verb is in the infinitive, but the word to be deleted in forms I, you, we and they free
Example:.

I: I eat
You: You We eat
: We eat
They: They eat free
However, in the forms it, he and she, I will add an-s to the verb (without to)
<. br> Example: free
He: He stops (Him) She
.. stops She (She stops)
If the verb ends in-and eliminates the added yy -ies, for example, He carries his suitcase. («He carries his suitcase.») (See pluralization rules). It is almost always necessary to write or say a subject in each sentence, even if the sentence requires a subject in Spanish, for example, in Spanish is acceptable to say «It’s one in the afternoon,» to indicate the hour of one, but English is usually necessary to use the pronoun it in front of the phrase: It is one (o’clock). Although to answer the question What time is it? (What time is it?), You can answer just one, instead of It’s one free
Most verbs are regular in the present,. Notable exceptions are to be («ser» and «estar») → I am, you / we are, he / she is, to have («have» and «have» in perfect tenses) → I / we / they have, he / she has, and to do («do») → I / you / we / they do, he / she does. In the past, a verb is regular if its simple and past participle end in-ed. For example: arrive («get») → arrived («come, come»). With the exception of the verb to be used each verb conjugation the same for each form in the past.

A verb is irregular if its simple and / or past participle do not end in-ed. For example: write («write») → wrote («wrote» in simple past), written («writing» in past participle). The most important are English irregular verbs (infinitive → Simple → past participle past) to be → I / he / she was, we / they / you were → Been; did to do → → done, to eat → → eaten ate (» Spot «) gave to give → → Given (» give «) went to go → → gone (» go «), To Have → had → had (» have / have «); made to make → → made (» do, make «) to speak → → spoke spoken (» talk «), to spend → → spent spent (.» spend «)
To form a future tense is added before the word will verb infinitive (without to). For example: You will eat spaghetti. («You will eat spaghetti»). To form the conditional you would add the word before the verb infinitive (without to): You would eat spaghetti. («. Would eat spaghetti»)
Progressive English time, in the present and the past, used the verb to be followed by the gerund of the main verb: I am thinking («I’m thinking»), You are winning («you win»); acerca We were talking baseball («We were talking baseball» or «talked baseball»). Note that the imperfect in Spanish translates to English past progressive indicates when an action in progress in the past.
The English perfect tense uses the verb to have followed the participle of the main verb. For example, I have done the work («I’ve done the work»), They had seen the movie («They had seen the movie.») Free
To write a verb in the negative in a simpler time, a form of the verb to do followed by the word «not» and the infinitive of the main verb (without to) used, for example: We do not have any money («We have no money»), She does not dance (» She does not dance «). In the past did not used anyway: I did not write the essay («He wrote the essay»), You did not finish your homework («You did not finish your homework»). Note that the time to do the verb indicates the time of the sentence, the main verb is always in the infinitive form, despite the time of the sentence
The negative compound tenses also uses the word not,. but this time keep the shape of the original auxiliary verb, the word not is placed after the auxiliary verb. For example, I am not running («I’m not running»); They had not made the clothes («had not done the laundry»). The word also can not be contracted to n’t and added to the end of the auxiliary verb (as do, Had not, is not, weren, etc.. Could not do this I am not, that is I’m not contracted.)
questions in the form of the auxiliary verb do, the order is do + subject + main verb infinitive without to (+ noun or another word). Also just a question mark at the end of the question is written. This occurs by simple questions. For example: Does she draw? («Draw it?») Do you understand me? («Do you understand?») Did you have a question? («Did you have a question?»). When the question be used by the proxy, the auxiliary do is not used. For example: Is she happy? («Is she happy?»). Other more complex sentences using interrogative adverbs (how, how, where …) at the beginning of the question. The most important adverbs are who (whom), what (what), where (where), when (when), why (why) and how (how). When these adverbs are used, the auxiliary verb is used, for example do after the adverb. For example: When did I buy the car? («When you purchased the car?»).

To answer a simple question (no interrogative adverb), used yes («yes») or not («no») followed by a comma and how appropriate auxiliary verb, together with the personal pronoun. On the negative word not is also added after the auxiliary verb in the answer. For example: Do they go to school? Yes, they do. («Are you going to school? Yeah») Is she eating? No, she is not (is not) [eating]. («Is she eating? There is not eating.»).

FUENTE QUE UTILIZO:   http://es.wikipedia.com